Companion Website

"Environmental characteristics of Agulhas rings affect interocean plankton transport"
E. Villar et al. Science (2015) DOI:10.1126/science.1261447

A/ Viral concentration and the ratio of viruses to bacteria (NA; not available). B/ Relative abundance of viral taxa based on virome annotations. C/ Relative abundance of viral morphotypes based on qTEM. D/ Box plots of viral capsid diameters. E/ Correspondence analysis comparing viral communities based on capsid diameter distributions (the inertia explained by CA1 and CA2 is reported in parentheses on each axis).

A/ Shared barcode richness is the proportion of 100% identical V9 rDNA barcodes between two samples. The blue and pink boxes represent an Atlantic and an IO sample, respectively. Inside each sample the horizontal lines represent sequenced V9 rDNA barcodes, with grey barcodes being common to each sample, while blue and pink barcodes are specific, respectively, to the SAO or to the IO samples. B/ The shared sub-OTU richness considers the same V9 rDNA barcodes grouped by OTU clusters. Here, three distinct OTUs are represented, with the same barcode color coding as in A (grey for barcodes in common, colored for barcodes specific to each sample). For each OTU, the number of barcodes in common or specific to each sample are represented as barplots, the blue, grey and pink color segments of an OTU bar are proportional, respectively, to the number of sub-OTU barcodes unique to the SAO sample, common to both samples, or unique to the IO sample.

Boxplot of genetic similarity between samples based on proportion of shotgun metagenomic reads in common between groups of samples for the size fractions 0.2-3, 0.8-5, 20-180 and 180-2000µm. Each box represents the read similarities between samples from two distinct oceanic locations, I: Indian Ocean; A: Atlantic Ocean, S: Southern Ocean, YR: Young ring; OR: Old ring. The analysis considers that 100 bp reads are similar if at least 2 non-overlapping 33 bp kmers are strictly identical (Compareads method, 1). Metagenome based similarity values computed by Compareads are provided in table W14.

Sequence of Absolute Dynamic Topography maps illustrate the origin of the anticyclonic structure sampled at TARA_068 (square symbol). Panels A-F correspond to altimetric daily sea surface height from 09-11-2009 to 13-09-2010 (10 months preceding sampling at TARA_068). The black arrow indicates the position of the oceanic feature during its transit. Units are dyn. m.

Satellite sea surface temperature (SST; A) and chlorophyll (B) along the trajectories illustrated in fig. 1. Red dots are for TARA_068 and blue dots for TARA_078. Time (in days) goes from left to right, where the origin of the abscissa (zero value) corresponds to November 8, 2010. SST was obtained from OSTIA (2; http://ghrss-tpp.metoffice.com/pages/latest_analysis/ostia.html) and ocean color chlorophyll from merged weekly maps produced by ACRI_ST (www.ACRI-ST.fr).

A/ Continuous surface salinity (psu) from the on-board thermosalinograph, superimposed on the altimetric daily sea surface height. Absolute Dynamic Topography were extracted from AVISO (www.aviso.altimetry.fr) for the day September 13th, 2010. The contour interval are 0.1 dyn.m. Grey isolines indicate values < 0.46 dyn.m. The squares indicate the positions of the biological sampling stations. B/ Detailed map of station TARA_068, the contour interval is 0.02 dyn.m. The crosses indicate the CTD stations while the square symbol indicates the position of the biological station. C/ Same altimetric field as in B. Dynamic heights (5m/900m) anomalies (3) evaluated using the CTD data are superimposed. The CTD-based dynamic heights increase monotonically in the westward direction, thus showing the core of the ring for the upper 1000m was actually deplaced at west of the core as it can be identified from altimetric data. The biological station coincides with the westernmost CTD station, i.e. with the CTD station with the largest dynamic height.

Vertical sections of the potential temperature (°C; panel A), salinity (psu; panel B) and oxygen (μmol/kg; panel C), respectively, along the transect across the young ring (Fig. S6). Isolines of potential density (σ₀, kg/m³; black) and mixed layer depths based on temperature (yellow) and density criteria (green) (4) are superimposed. The abscissa indicates the distance from the first and easternmost CTD cast (units are km). The biological sampling was done at the westernmost CTD position.

A/ Continuous Sea Surface Temperature (°C) from the onboard thermosalinograph were superimposed on the altimetric absolute dynamic topography for the day November 3^rd, 2010 (the contour interval is 0.01 dyn. m.). Grey isolines indicate values under 0.66 dyn. m. The crosses indicate the positions of the CTD stations. The letter A indicates the core of the anti-cyclonic eddy in the altimetric data. B/ Surface salinity (psu) plotted on same altimetric fields as in A/. C/ Single salinity profiles from CTDs (colored lines; positions indicated in A/ and B/) and ARGO floats (black lines). The CTD profiles, taken within the anti-cyclonic eddy, show a deeper main halocline (i.e., the layer where the salinity vertical gradient is maximal) and higher surface values with respect to surrounding waters (ARGO data). Similarily, the temperature profiles show a deeper thermocline in the CTD casts (not shown). In both CTD and ARGO profiles a salinity minimum, i.e., the signature of the Antarctic Intermediate Water, is also clearily visible at 700-900m depth, with the CTD casts showing a deeper minimum. Both signals are thus coherent with the assumption that the structure in figure A is rather thick anticyclonic eddy and are compatible with the remnant of an Agulhas Ring. The nearest ARGO floats available in box defined by ± 4° both in Longitude and in Latitude and ± 15 days around Tara stations were search for each CTD profile. ARGO is a global array of autonomous profiling floats that observe pressure, temperature and salinity in the upper 2000m of the ocean. These data were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu, http://argo.jcommops.org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. The ARGO profiles shown here are extracted from the dataset prepared for the ARIVO global analysis (http://www.ifremer.fr/lpo/SO-Argo-France/Products/Global-Ocean-T-S) as follows: Near-Real Time data assembled by Coriolis are downloaded monthly, a climatological test is performed and the profiles are interpolated on 152 vertical levels.

Diatom cells were connected at the valve pole, with an orthogonal or slightly obtuse angle. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of a short slit (raphe) at one pole of each valve. We identified the species as belonging to the genus Nanoneis, described by Norris R. E. (5), with Nanoneis hasleae as the type species. Norris found this species in material from the gut of salps from the midst of the Indian Ocean (301° 08’S, 78°28’ E), also reporting the presence of a similar species near Durban (South Africa) and Californian coasts of La Jolla. A second species, Nanoneis longta, was described in Chinese waters (6). The species descibed here better fits Nanoneis longta, but whether this actually is different from N. hasleae should be proved by examining more material and using molecular data. Scale bar: 1 µm (inset scale bar: 10 µm).

See supplementary text W1 for a comprehensive analysis of spatial gradients in the young ring community descriptors/proxies. Contour lines represent the daily Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT). Units are dyn. m. The ADT values are for September 13th, 2010. A) Chlorophyll a determined using line height method from AC-S raw data. B) Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) estimates derived from AC-S measurements of beam attenuation. C) POC/Chlorophyll ratio estimates derived from AC-S measurements. D) Slope of the particle size spectra (γ) from AC-S measurements. E) Chlorophyll b concentration relative to chlorophyll a (green algae, e.g. Chlorophyceae, Prochlorophytes) from AC-S inversion absorption data (4). F) Chlorophyll c concentration relative to chlorophyll a, i.e., haptophytes (includes coccolithophores), and prymnesiophytes (includes Phaeocystis) from inversions of AC-S absorption (4). In each panel, the top map is the a large scale cross-basin view, the bottom map is a local view centered around the young ring TARA_068.

See supplementary text W1 for a comprehensive analysis of spatial gradients in the young ring community descriptors/proxies. Contour lines represent the daily sea surface height (Absolute Dynamic Topography, ADT) obtained from AVISO (www.aviso.altimetry.fr). Units are dyn. m. The ADT values are for September 13th, 2010. In each panel, the top map is the a large scale cross-basin view (as in Figure W9), the bottom map is a local view centered around the young ring station TARA_068. A/ PSC (photosynthetic carotenoid) pigments relative to chlorophyll a from AC-S inversions (4). B/ PPC (photoprotective carotenoids) pigments relative to chlorophyll a from AC-S inversions (4). C/ Absorption at 550nm relative to absorption at 675nm measured by the AC-S, which is a likely indicator of the relative presence of phycoerythrin (most likely associated with cyanobacteria). D/ Absorption at 523nm relative to absorption at 675nm measured by the AC-S, indicating the relative presence of such phytoplankton as diatoms (fucoxanthin) and other similarly-absorbing types (including dinoflagellates and their major pigment peridinin).

Concentrations in mmol/m³ measured by CTD casts are shown for nitrates (NO₃), phosphates (PO₄) and silicates (Si). Station numbers are indicated on each profile color coded according to station location (pink: Indian Ocean, blue: South Atlantic Ocean, green: Southern Ocean, red: Agulhas rings).

Simulations were carried out by the MIT-DARWIN model (7), and time series for three representative Agulhas rings (out of the twelve tracked in total) are presented. A/ Time series of biogeochemical variables. Blue line: NO₃ (0 m); Green line: Chlorophyll (top 120 m); Red line: NH₄ (0 m); light blue line: NO₂ (100 m), black dotted line: surface heat loss (FT). B/ Time series of functional groups significance. Blue line: Prochlorococcus; Green line: Synechococcus; Red line: non-diatom large cells; Light blue: diatoms.

1. N. Maillet, C. Lemaitre, R. Chikhi, D. Lavenier, P. Peterlongo, Compareads: comparing huge metagenomic experiments. BMC Bioinformatics. 13, S10 (2012).
2. C. J. Donlon et al., The operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis (OSTIA) system. Remote Sensing of Environment. 116, 140–158 (2012).
3. H. U. Sverdrup, M. W. Johnson, R. H. Fleming, et al., The Oceans: Their physics, chemistry, and general biology (Prentice-Hall New York, 1942), vol. 1087.
4. C. de Boyer Montégut, G. Madec, A. S. Fischer, A. Lazar, D. Iudicone, Mixed layer depth over the global ocean: An examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology. J. Geophys. Res. 109, C12003 (2004).
5. Y. Li, Y.-H. Gao, C.-P. Chen, J.-R. Liang, Nanoneis, a newly recorded diatom genus from China and Nanoneis longta sp. nov. Acta botanica sinica-english edition-. 46, 788–792 (2004).
6. R. Norris, A new planktonic diatom, Nanoneis hasleae gen. et sp. nov. Norwegian J. Bot. 20, 321–325 (1973).
7. W. H. Slade et al., Underway and Moored Methods for Improving Accuracy in Measurement of Spectral Particulate Absorption and Attenuation. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. 27, 1733–1746 (2010).
8. J. Ras, H. Claustre, J. Uitz, Spatial variability of phytoplankton pigment distributions in the Subtropical South Pacific Ocean: comparison between in situ and predicted data. Biogeosciences. 5, 353–369 (2008).
9. L. Van Heukelem, C. S. Thomas, Computer-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography method development with applications to the isolation and analysis of phytoplankton pigments. Journal of Chromatography A. 910, 31–49 (2001).
10. A. Chase et al., Decomposition of in situ particulate absorption spectra. Methods in Oceanography. 7, 110–124 (2013).
11. E. Boss, M. S. Twardowski, S. Herring, Shape of the particulate beam attenuation spectrum and its inversion to obtain the shape of the particulate size distribution. Appl. Opt. 40, 4885–4893 (2001).
12. E. Boss et al., The characteristics of particulate absorption, scattering and attenuation coefficients in the surface ocean; Contribution of the Tara Oceans expedition. Methods in Oceanography. 7, 52–62 (2013).
13. M. J. Behrenfeld, E. Boss, The beam attenuation to chlorophyll ratio: an optical index of phytoplankton physiology in the surface ocean? Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. 50, 1537–1549 (2003).
14. M. J. Behrenfeld, E. Boss, D. A. Siegel, D. M. Shea, Carbon-based ocean productivity and phytoplankton physiology from space. Global Biogeochem. Cycles. 19, GB1006 (2005).

Abdulla Ameer, Abergel Chantal, Allemand Denis, Amiel Aldine, Anderson Leif, Antoine David, Arrigoni Roberto, Arslan Defne, Artiguenave Francois, Audic Stephane, Aury Jean-Marc, Bachelier Celine, Bailly Xavier, Baker Andrew, Balestra Cecilia, Barone Benedetto, Basso Daniela, Bayley Daniel, Beaugrand Gregory, Beguery Laurent, Benito-Guttierez Elia, Beraud Eric, Bigot Lionel, Bittner Lucie, Boccara Martine, Boonstra Roxane, Boutte Christophe, Brunet Christophe, Bricaud Annick, Brum Jennifer, Capoulade Jeremie, Caputi Luigi, Caragnano Annalisa, Carmichael Margaux, Casotti Raffaela, Cetinic Ivona, Chaffron Samuel, Chambouvet Aurélie, Chang Patrick, Chase Ali, Chica Claudia, Claustre Hervé, Claverie Jean-Michel, Clerissi Camille, Colin Sebastien, Coll-Lladó Montse, Comeau Steeve, Conrad Christian, Cornejo Miguel Francisco, Cornejo Marcella, Cossa Daniel, Cousin Maryam, Cruaud Corinne, Cuck Corrine, D’Ottone Marcela, Da Silva Corinne, Dausse Denis, de la Broise Denis, De Monte Silvia, Decelle Johan, Deidun Alan, del Campo Javier, Derelle Evelyne, Desdevises Yves, Desgranges Elodie, Desplanches Valerie, Despres Floriane, Desreumaux Nicolas, di Mauro Rosanna, Dimier Celine, Dolan John, D'Ortenzio Fabrizio, d'Ovidio Francesco, Doye Anne, Duhaime Melissa, Duperche Emilie, Durrieu de Madron Xavier, Dutkiewicz Stephanie, Faust Karoline, Felden Janine, Fernández Beatriz, Ferrera Isabel, Ferriere Regis, Ferrier-Pagès Christine, Friedrich Rainer, Ganachaud Alexandre, Garczarek Laurence, Gasol Josep M, Gasparini Stéphane, Gattuso Jean-Pierre, Gilkes Gabriella, Gillette Jennifer, Grant Brett, Grisoni Jean-Michel, Groc Michel, Guidi Lionel, Guigand Cedric, Gutierrez-Herredia Luis, Hellig Roland, Huang Danwei, Ignacio-Espinoza Julio, Jamet Jean-Louis, Katinka Michael, Kitano Yuko, Kolber Zbigniew, Koubbi Philippe, Kukami Hironobu, Labadie Karine, Labbe-Ibanez Pamela, Larsson Tomas, Lazar Alban, Le Goff Herve, Le Quere Corinne, Leander Brian, Lebaron Philippe, LeBescot Noan, Lefort Thomas, Legendre Louis, Lejeusne Christophe, Lepoivre Cyrille, Lescot Magali, Lewis Mangan, Leymarie Edouard, Lima Mendez Gipsi, Logares Ramiro, Mahé Frédéric, Maier Cornelia, Malviya Shruti, Marcolin Catarina, Marec Claudie, Marinesque Sophie, Massana Ramon, Mattio Lydiane, Mazzochi Maria Grazia, Morard Raphaël, Moreau Hervé, Morin Pascal, Morisset Simon, Mountain David, Muir Paul, Nelson Harry, Nicaud Sophie, Nival Paul, Noel Benjamin, Obolensky Grigor, Obura David, Pages Philippe, Payri Claude, Paz Yepes Javier, Pedros-Alio Carlos, Pelletier Eric, Pepperkok Rainer, Perault Fabien, Perez Yvan, Picheral Marc, Pichon Michel, Piganeau Gwenaël, Pillay Ruby, Poirot Olivier, Poulain Julie, Poulton Nicole, Prejger Franck, Prihoda Judith, Probert Ian, Procaccini Gabriele, Rampal Jeannine, Ras Josephine, Reynaud Stephanie, Ribalet Francois, Ribera d'Alcala Maurizio, Roettinger Eric, Romac Sarah, Romagnan Jean-Baptiste, Rottier Cecile, Roullier Francois, Rouviere Christian, Royer Anne, Royo Llonch Marta, Sailerova Martina, Salazar Guillem, Samson Gaelle, Santini Sébastien, Sarno Diana, Sarmento Hugo, Scalco Eleonora, Scarpelli Claude, Sciandra Antoine, Searson Sarah, Siano Raffaele., Silva Bianca, Simakov Oleg, Solonenko Sergei, Spezzaferri Silvia, Stalder Fabio, Stefani Fabrizio, Stefansson Halldor, Stelzer Ernst, Subirana Lucie, Swalwell Jarred, Taillandier Vincent, Tambutté Eric, Tambutté Sylvie, Tanaka Atsuko, Taupier-Letage Isabelle, Testor Pierre, Thompson Anne, Thuillier Doris, Tichanné-Seltzer Virgine, Tirichine Leila, Toulza Eve, Tozzi Sasha, Tremblay Jean-Éric, Tribollet Aline, Triller Antoine, Vannier Thomas, Velayoudon Didier, Veluchamy Alaguraj, Villar Emilie, Vincent Flora, Wallace Carden, Weinbauer Markus, Williams Maureen, Yau Sheree, Yelton Alexis, Zingone Adriana, Zoccola Didier. Acinas Silvia G., Bork Peer, Boss Emmanuel, Bowler Chris, De Vargas Colomban, Follows Mick, Gorsky Gabriel, Grimsley Nigel, Hingamp Pascal, Iudicone Daniele, Jaillon Olivier, Kandels-Lewis Steffi, Karp-Boss Lee, Karsenti Eric, Krzic Uros, Not Fabrice, Ogata Hiroyuki, Pesant Stephane, Raes Jeroen, Reynaud Emmanuel G., Sardet Christian, Sieracki Mike, Speich Sabrina, Sullivan Matt, Sunagawa Shinichi, Stemmann Lars, Velayoudon Didier, Weissenbach Jean, Wincker Patrick.